如何用net/http構(gòu)建一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的web服務(wù)
Golang提供了簡(jiǎn)潔的方法來(lái)構(gòu)建web服務(wù)
package main
import (
"net/http"
)
func HelloResponse(rw http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Hello world.")
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/", HelloResponse)
http.ListenAndServe(":3000", nil)
}
其中核心的兩個(gè)方法：
func HandleFunc(pattern string, handler func(ResponseWriter, *Request))：HandleFunc注冊(cè)一個(gè)handler function對(duì)應(yīng)到給定的pattern。
func ListenAndServe(addr string, handler Handler) error：ListenAndServe監(jiān)聽給定的TCP網(wǎng)絡(luò)地址，接著帶上handler調(diào)用Serve方法來(lái)接收請(qǐng)求。
在go build之后，執(zhí)行編譯后的文件就能在客戶端看到hello world了
有了web服務(wù)，就可以制定小目標(biāo)了
我認(rèn)為作為第一版本，不需要復(fù)雜的設(shè)計(jì)，只需要接收到用戶的請(qǐng)求，并且找到對(duì)應(yīng)的handler，執(zhí)行其邏輯，然后返回JSON響應(yīng)就好了。
小目標(biāo)有了，那怎么實(shí)現(xiàn)呢？
1.設(shè)計(jì)用戶如何注冊(cè)Controller和Action
據(jù)我觀察，一些框架是在Controller里預(yù)先設(shè)定了GET,POST,PUT等一系列方法，負(fù)責(zé)接收GET,POST,PUT的HTTP請(qǐng)求。
我認(rèn)為這樣設(shè)計(jì)的確有其優(yōu)勢(shì)，因?yàn)橛脩糁恍枰獙?shí)現(xiàn)這些方法就好了，但在業(yè)務(wù)層面也有其劣勢(shì)，因?yàn)槲覀儧]有辦法保證負(fù)責(zé)一個(gè)頁(yè)面或者功能的Controller只接收一個(gè)GET請(qǐng)求，如果有2個(gè)GET請(qǐng)求，那就需要再建立一個(gè)Controller，單單實(shí)現(xiàn)其GET方法。
因此我借鑒了PHP社區(qū)中Laravel注冊(cè)Controller和Action的語(yǔ)法：Get("/", "IndexController@Index")。
用戶只需要定義:
type IndexController struct {
}
func (IndexController *IndexController) Index(//params) (//return values) {
}
當(dāng)然這樣思考后，就給框架帶入了一點(diǎn)動(dòng)態(tài)腳本語(yǔ)言的特性，肯定會(huì)用到Golang的reflect庫(kù)。
2.設(shè)計(jì)Path和Controller還有Action的關(guān)系容器
我運(yùn)用了Golang的map，定義了map[string]map[string]map[string]string這樣的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)
以["/":["GET":["IndexController":"Get"], "POST":["IndexController":"Post"]], "/foo":["GET":["IndexController":"Foo"]]]舉例：
這個(gè)說(shuō)明了在"/"這個(gè)PATH下面，有GET和POST請(qǐng)求，分別對(duì)應(yīng)了IndexController下的Get和Post方法，在"/foo"這個(gè)PATH下面，有GET請(qǐng)求，對(duì)應(yīng)IndexController下的Foo方法。
在接受請(qǐng)求時(shí)候，如果沒有找到對(duì)應(yīng)的方法，就返回405。
3.如何將注冊(cè)了的一系列Method與PATH綁定來(lái)接收外部請(qǐng)求
我們可以看到，func HandleFunc(pattern string, handler func(ResponseWriter, *Request))要求的handler類型是func(ResponseWriter, *Request))，這和我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的functionfunc (IndexController *IndexController) Index(//params) (//return values) {}有所差距。
這時(shí)候我發(fā)現(xiàn)由于Golang具備First Class Functions特性，因此我們可以將函數(shù)做如下處理：
http.HandleFunc(path, HandleRequest())
func HandleRequest() {
return func(rw http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
// do your logic
}
}
4.和encoding/json說(shuō)Hi
當(dāng)我們接收到function的返回值后，我們就需要對(duì)結(jié)果進(jìn)行json encode，而encoding/json正是負(fù)責(zé)這個(gè)功能。 我用的是json.Marshal():
func Marshal(v interface{}) ([]byte, error): Marshal返回v的encoding結(jié)果。
如何使用
package main
import (
"net/url"
"net/http"
"github.com/ZhenhangTung/GoGym"
)
type IndexController struct {
}
func (IndexController *IndexController) Index(request map[string]url.Values, headers http.Header) (statusCode int, response interface{}) {
return 200, map[string]string{"hello": "world"}
}
type BarController struct {
}
func (*BarController) Bar(request map[string]url.Values, headers http.Header) (statusCode int, response interface{}, responseHeader http.Header) {
return 200, map[string]string{"GoTo": "Bar"}, http.Header{"Foo": {"Bar", "Baz"}}
}
func main() {
var apiService = GoGym.Prepare()
apiService.Get("index", "IndexController@Index")
apiService.Post("bar", "BarController@Bar")
controllers := []interface{}{IndexController{}}
apiService.RegisterControllers(controllers)
apiService.RegisterController(BarController{})
apiService.Serve(3000)
}
項(xiàng)目完整代碼
package GoGym
import (
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"net/http"
"net/url"
"reflect"
"strings"
)
const (
GETMethod = "GET"
POSTMethod = "POST"
PUTMethod = "PUT"
PATCHMethod = "PATCH"
DELETEMethod = "DELETE"
OPTIONSMethod = "OPTIONS"
)
const (
HTTPMethodNotAllowed = 405
)
// APIService for now is the struct for containing controllerRegistry and registeredPathAndController,
// and it is the core service provider
type APIService struct {
// controllerRegistry is where all registered controllers exist
controllerRegistry map[string]interface{}
//registeredPathAndController is a mapping of paths and controllers
registeredPathAndController map[string]map[string]map[string]string
requestForm map[string]url.Values
}
func (api *APIService) Get(path, controllerWithActionString string) {
mapping := api.mappingRequestMethodWithControllerAndActions(GETMethod, path, controllerWithActionString)
api.registeredPathAndController[path] = mapping
}
func (api *APIService) Post(path, controllerWithActionString string) {
mapping := api.mappingRequestMethodWithControllerAndActions(POSTMethod, path, controllerWithActionString)
api.registeredPathAndController[path] = mapping
}
func (api *APIService) Put(path, controllerWithActionString string) {
mapping := api.mappingRequestMethodWithControllerAndActions(PUTMethod, path, controllerWithActionString)
api.registeredPathAndController[path] = mapping
}
func (api *APIService) Patch(path, controllerWithActionString string) {
mapping := api.mappingRequestMethodWithControllerAndActions(PATCHMethod, path, controllerWithActionString)
api.registeredPathAndController[path] = mapping
}
func (api *APIService) Options(path, controllerWithActionString string) {
mapping := api.mappingRequestMethodWithControllerAndActions(OPTIONSMethod, path, controllerWithActionString)
api.registeredPathAndController[path] = mapping
}
func (api *APIService) Delete(path, controllerWithActionString string) {
mapping := api.mappingRequestMethodWithControllerAndActions(DELETEMethod, path, controllerWithActionString)
api.registeredPathAndController[path] = mapping
}
// mappingRequestMethodWithControllerAndActions is a function for mapping request method with controllers
// which containing actions
func (api *APIService) mappingRequestMethodWithControllerAndActions(requestMethod, path, controllerWithActionString string) map[string]map[string]string {
mappingResult := make(map[string]map[string]string)
if length := len(api.registeredPathAndController[path]); length > 0 {
mappingResult = api.registeredPathAndController[path]
}
controllerAndActionSlice := strings.Split(controllerWithActionString, "@")
controller := controllerAndActionSlice[0]
action := controllerAndActionSlice[1]
controllerAndActionMap := map[string]string{controller: action}
mappingResult[requestMethod] = controllerAndActionMap
return mappingResult
}
// HandleRequest is a function to handle http request
func (api *APIService) HandleRequest(controllers map[string]map[string]string) http.HandlerFunc {
return func(rw http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
request.ParseForm()
method := request.Method
api.requestForm["query"] = request.Form
api.requestForm["form"] = request.PostForm
macthedControllers, ok := controllers[method]
if !ok {
rw.WriteHeader(HTTPMethodNotAllowed)
}
for k, v := range macthedControllers {
controllerKey := "*" + k
controller := api.controllerRegistry[controllerKey]
in := make([]reflect.Value, 2)
in[0] = reflect.ValueOf(api.requestForm)
in[1] = reflect.ValueOf(request.Header)
returnValues := reflect.ValueOf(controller).MethodByName(v).Call(in)
statusCode := returnValues[0].Interface()
intStatusCode := statusCode.(int)
response := returnValues[1].Interface()
responseHeaders := http.Header{}
if len(returnValues) == 3 {
responseHeaders = returnValues[2].Interface().(http.Header)
}
api.JSONResponse(rw, intStatusCode, response, responseHeaders)
}
}
}
// RegisterHandleFunc is a function registers a handle function to handle request from path
func (api *APIService) RegisterHandleFunc() {
for k, v := range api.registeredPathAndController {
path := k
if !strings.HasPrefix(k, "/") {
path = fmt.Sprintf("/%v", k)
}
http.HandleFunc(path, api.HandleRequest(v))
}
}
// RegisterControllers is a function registers a struct of controllers into controllerRegistry
func (api *APIService) RegisterControllers(controllers []interface{}) {
for _, v := range controllers {
api.RegisterController(v)
}
}
// RegisterControllers is a function registers a controller into controllerRegistry
func (api *APIService) RegisterController(controller interface{}) {
controllerType := getType(controller)
api.controllerRegistry[controllerType] = controller
}
// getType is a function gets the type of value
func getType(value interface{}) string {
if t := reflect.TypeOf(value); t.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
return "*" + t.Elem().Name()
} else {
return t.Name()
}
}
// Serve is a function
func (api *APIService) Serve(port int) {
api.RegisterHandleFunc()
fullPort := fmt.Sprintf(":%d", port)
http.ListenAndServe(fullPort, nil)
}
// JSONResponse is a function return json response
func (api *APIService) JSONResponse(rw http.ResponseWriter, statusCode int, response interface{}, headers http.Header) {
for k, v := range headers {
for _, header := range v {
rw.Header().Add(k, header)
}
}
rw.Header().Add("Content-Type", "application/json")
rw.WriteHeader(statusCode)
rsp, err := json.Marshal(response)
if err != nil {
// TODO: logging error
fmt.Println("JSON err:", err)
}
rw.Write(rsp)
}
// Prepare is a fucntion prepare the service and return prepared service to the user
func Prepare() *APIService {
var apiService = new(APIService)
apiService.controllerRegistry = make(map[string]interface{})
apiService.registeredPathAndController = make(map[string]map[string]map[string]string)
apiService.requestForm = make(map[string]url.Values)
return apiService
}
以上為個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)，希望能給大家一個(gè)參考，也希望大家多多支持腳本之家。如有錯(cuò)誤或未考慮完全的地方，望不吝賜教。
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