當(dāng)一個(gè)goroutine可以啟動(dòng)其他goroutine，而這些goroutine可以啟動(dòng)其他goroutine，依此類推，則第一個(gè)goroutine應(yīng)該能夠向所有其它goroutine發(fā)送取消信號。
上下文包的唯一目的是在goroutine之間執(zhí)行取消信號，而不管它們?nèi)绾紊?。上下文的接口定義為：
type Context interface {
Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool)
Done() - chan struct{}
Err() error
Value(key interface{}) interface{}
}
- Deadline：第一個(gè)值是截止日期，此時(shí)上下文將自動(dòng)觸發(fā)“取消”操作。第二個(gè)值是布爾值，true表示設(shè)置了截止日期，false表示未設(shè)置截止時(shí)間。如果沒有設(shè)置截止日期，則必須手動(dòng)調(diào)用cancel函數(shù)來取消上下文。
- Done：返回一個(gè)只讀通道（僅在取消后），鍵入struct {}，當(dāng)該通道可讀時(shí)，表示父上下文已經(jīng)發(fā)起了取消請求，根據(jù)此信號，開發(fā)人員可以執(zhí)行一些清除操作，退出goroutine
- Err：返回取消上下文的原因
- Value：返回綁定到上下文的值，它是一個(gè)鍵值對，因此您需要傳遞一個(gè)Key來獲取相應(yīng)的值，此值是線程安全的
要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建上下文，必須指定父上下文。兩個(gè)內(nèi)置上下文（背景和待辦事項(xiàng)）用作頂級父上下文：
var (
background = new(emptyCtx)
todo = new(emptyCtx)
)
func Background() Context {
return background
}
func TODO() Context {
return todo
}
背景，主要ü在主函數(shù)，初始化和測試代碼的sed，是樹結(jié)構(gòu)中，根上下文，這是不能被取消的頂層語境。TODO，當(dāng)您不知道要使用什么上下文時(shí)，可以使用它。它們本質(zhì)上都是emptyCtx類型，都是不可取消的，沒有固定的期限，也沒有為Context賦任何值：鍵入emptyCtx int
type emptyCtx int
func (_ *emptyCtx) Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool) {
return
}
func (_ *emptyCtx) Done() - chan struct{} {
return nil
}
func (_ *emptyCtx) Err() error {
return nil
}
func (*emptyCtx) Value(key interface{}) interface{} {
return nil
}
上下文包還具有幾個(gè)常用功能：func WithCancel（父上下文）（ctx上下文，取消CancelFunc）func WithDeadline（父上下文，截止時(shí)間.Time）（上下文，CancelFunc）func WithTimeout（父上下文，超時(shí)時(shí)間。持續(xù)時(shí)間）（上下文，CancelFunc）func WithValue（父上下文，鍵，val接口{}）上下文
請注意，這些方法意味著可以一次繼承上下文以實(shí)現(xiàn)其他功能，例如，使用WithCancel函數(shù)傳入根上下文，它會(huì)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)子上下文，該子上下文具有取消上下文的附加功能，然后使用此方法將context（context01）作為父上下文，并將其作為第一個(gè)參數(shù)傳遞給WithDeadline函數(shù)，與子context（context01）相比，獲得子context（context02），它具有一個(gè)附加功能，可在之后自動(dòng)取消上下文最后期限。
WithCancel
對于通道，盡管通道也可以通知許多嵌套的goroutine退出，但通道不是線程安全的，而上下文是線程安全的。
例如：
package main
import (
"runtime"
"fmt"
"time"
"context"
)
func monitor2(ch chan bool, index int) {
for {
select {
case v := - ch:
fmt.Printf("monitor2: %v, the received channel value is: %v, ending\n", index, v)
return
default:
fmt.Printf("monitor2: %v in progress...\n", index)
time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
}
}
}
func monitor1(ch chan bool, index int) {
for {
go monitor2(ch, index)
select {
case v := - ch:
// this branch is only reached when the ch channel is closed, or when data is sent(either true or false)
fmt.Printf("monitor1: %v, the received channel value is: %v, ending\n", index, v)
return
default:
fmt.Printf("monitor1: %v in progress...\n", index)
time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
}
}
}
func main() {
var stopSingal chan bool = make(chan bool, 0)
for i := 1; i = 5; i = i + 1 {
go monitor1(stopSingal, i)
}
time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
// close all gourtines
cancel()
// waiting 10 seconds, if the screen does not display monitorX: xxxx in progress...>, all goroutines have been shut down
time.Sleep(10 * time.Second)
println(runtime.NumGoroutine())
println("main program exit!!!!")
}
執(zhí)行的結(jié)果是：
monitor1: 5 in progress...
monitor2: 5 in progress...
monitor1: 2 in progress...
monitor2: 2 in progress...
monitor2: 1 in progress...
monitor1: 1 in progress...
monitor1: 4 in progress...
monitor1: 3 in progress...
monitor2: 4 in progress...
monitor2: 3 in progress...
monitor1: 4, the received channel value is: false, ending
monitor1: 3, the received channel value is: false, ending
monitor2: 2, the received channel value is: false, ending
monitor2: 1, the received channel value is: false, ending
monitor1: 1, the received channel value is: false, ending
monitor2: 5, the received channel value is: false, ending
monitor2: 3, the received channel value is: false, ending
monitor2: 3, the received channel value is: false, ending
monitor2: 4, the received channel value is: false, ending
monitor2: 5, the received channel value is: false, ending
monitor2: 1, the received channel value is: false, ending
monitor1: 5, the received channel value is: false, ending
monitor1: 2, the received channel value is: false, ending
monitor2: 2, the received channel value is: false, ending
monitor2: 4, the received channel value is: false, ending
1
main program exit!!!!
這里使用一個(gè)通道向所有g(shù)oroutine發(fā)送結(jié)束通知，但是這里的情況相對簡單，如果在一個(gè)復(fù)雜的項(xiàng)目中，假設(shè)多個(gè)goroutine有某種錯(cuò)誤并重復(fù)執(zhí)行，則可以重復(fù)關(guān)閉或關(guān)閉該通道通道，然后向其寫入值，從而觸發(fā)運(yùn)行時(shí)恐慌。這就是為什么我們使用上下文來避免這些問題的原因，以WithCancel為例：
package main
import (
"runtime"
"fmt"
"time"
"context"
)
func monitor2(ctx context.Context, number int) {
for {
select {
case v := - ctx.Done():
fmt.Printf("monitor: %v, the received channel value is: %v, ending\n", number,v)
return
default:
fmt.Printf("monitor: %v in progress...\n", number)
time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
}
}
}
func monitor1(ctx context.Context, number int) {
for {
go monitor2(ctx, number)
select {
case v := - ctx.Done():
// this branch is only reached when the ch channel is closed, or when data is sent(either true or false)
fmt.Printf("monitor: %v, the received channel value is: %v, ending\n", number, v)
return
default:
fmt.Printf("monitor: %v in progress...\n", number)
time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
}
}
}
func main() {
var ctx context.Context = nil
var cancel context.CancelFunc = nil
ctx, cancel = context.WithCancel(context.Background())
for i := 1; i = 5; i = i + 1 {
go monitor1(ctx, i)
}
time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
// close all gourtines
cancel()
// waiting 10 seconds, if the screen does not display monitor: xxxx in progress>, all goroutines have been shut down
time.Sleep(10 * time.Second)
println(runtime.NumGoroutine())
println("main program exit!!!!")
}
WithTimeout和WithDeadline
WithTimeout和WithDeadline在用法和功能上基本相同，它們都表示上下文將在一定時(shí)間后自動(dòng)取消，唯一的區(qū)別可以從函數(shù)的定義中看出，傳遞給WithDeadline的第二個(gè)參數(shù)是類型time.Duration類型，它是一個(gè)相對時(shí)間，表示取消超時(shí)后的時(shí)間。例：
package main
import (
"runtime"
"fmt"
"time"
"context"
)
func monitor2(ctx context.Context, index int) {
for {
select {
case v := - ctx.Done():
fmt.Printf("monitor2: %v, the received channel value is: %v, ending\n", index, v)
return
default:
fmt.Printf("monitor2: %v in progress...\n", index)
time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
}
}
}
func monitor1(ctx context.Context, index int) {
for {
go monitor2(ctx, index)
select {
case v := - ctx.Done():
// this branch is only reached when the ch channel is closed, or when data is sent(either true or false)
fmt.Printf("monitor1: %v, the received channel value is: %v, ending\n", index, v)
return
default:
fmt.Printf("monitor1: %v in progress...\n", index)
time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
}
}
}
func main() {
var ctx01 context.Context = nil
var ctx02 context.Context = nil
var cancel context.CancelFunc = nil
ctx01, cancel = context.WithCancel(context.Background())
ctx02, cancel = context.WithDeadline(ctx01, time.Now().Add(1 * time.Second)) // If it's WithTimeout, just change this line to "ctx02, cancel = context.WithTimeout(ctx01, 1 * time.Second)"
defer cancel()
for i := 1; i = 5; i = i + 1 {
go monitor1(ctx02, i)
}
time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
if ctx02.Err() != nil {
fmt.Println("the cause of cancel is: ", ctx02.Err())
}
println(runtime.NumGoroutine())
println("main program exit!!!!")
}
WithValue
一些必需的元數(shù)據(jù)也可以通過上下文傳遞，該上下文將附加到上下文中以供使用。元數(shù)據(jù)作為鍵值傳遞，但請注意，鍵必須具有可比性，并且值必須是線程安全的。
package main
import (
"runtime"
"fmt"
"time"
"context"
)
func monitor(ctx context.Context, index int) {
for {
select {
case - ctx.Done():
// this branch is only reached when the ch channel is closed, or when data is sent(either true or false)
fmt.Printf("monitor %v, end of monitoring. \n", index)
return
default:
var value interface{} = ctx.Value("Nets")
fmt.Printf("monitor %v, is monitoring %v\n", index, value)
time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
}
}
}
func main() {
var ctx01 context.Context = nil
var ctx02 context.Context = nil
var cancel context.CancelFunc = nil
ctx01, cancel = context.WithCancel(context.Background())
ctx02, cancel = context.WithTimeout(ctx01, 1 * time.Second)
var ctx03 context.Context = context.WithValue(ctx02, "Nets", "Champion") // key: "Nets", value: "Champion"
defer cancel()
for i := 1; i = 5; i = i + 1 {
go monitor(ctx03, i)
}
time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
if ctx02.Err() != nil {
fmt.Println("the cause of cancel is: ", ctx02.Err())
}
println(runtime.NumGoroutine())
println("main program exit!!!!")
}
關(guān)于上下文，還有一些注意事項(xiàng)：不要將Context存儲(chǔ)在結(jié)構(gòu)類型中，而是將Context明確傳遞給需要它的每個(gè)函數(shù)，并且Context應(yīng)該是第一個(gè)參數(shù)。
即使函數(shù)允許，也不要傳遞nil Context，或者如果您不確定要使用哪個(gè)Context，請傳遞context。不要將可能作為函數(shù)參數(shù)傳遞給上下文值的變量傳遞。
到此這篇關(guān)于golang中context的作用的文章就介紹到這了,更多相關(guān)golang中context的作用內(nèi)容請搜索腳本之家以前的文章或繼續(xù)瀏覽下面的相關(guān)文章希望大家以后多多支持腳本之家！
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